The Bubonic Plague in Europe :: essays research papers

The Black Death in Europe 1 Abstract The Black Death in Europe was one of the continents worth natural disasters. The bubonic plague wiped out nearly 60% of the population, causing changes that took many years to recover. The effects of art are astonishing. Every person and social class were affected, the church lost prestige and power, as did the doctors and physicians. Politics changes for a short time and the nobility lost wealth. Fear was wide spread, and people lost trust of their families. No one could escape the carnage this illness brought, if they tried, they succeeded in bringing it with them. The Black Death in Europe 2 Knox (page 15) states that the population losses were staggering, between1347 and 150 nearly 1 to of 3 people where gone. Venetian records stated that the death rates escalated close to 500-600 deaths a day, 60% of Venice’s population was gone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As with medical professions the clergy suffered great losses as well. Theirs was an occupational hazard; entering the home of the sick, doctors were at greater risk of catching the illness themselves. The clergy had to give the dieing their last rights and preside over the burials, this made for their demise.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As indicated by Knox (page12) those who were learned hade some ideas about what was causing the disease such poisonous vapors released by constellation alignments. They recommended that no fat meant should be eaten at all and bathing was hazardous, these suggestions only made to make people more vulnerable to the plague. The only real action taken that worked was confinement, cities walled themselves off from incoming ships and would quarantine and ill persons house.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With the population losses the labor forse was reduced, there was a greater need for crafts men and skilled laborers. Guilds began opening their doors to other skilled peoples, because when and skilled man died his whole family usually got the plague as well, this mad openings for others. Towns began to advertise higher wages to those artisans and those with skills. If the miller died and the sickens was in his home, then the miller family passed away also, this left none to mill the grain, therefore towns were in need of help.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Black Death in Europe 3 According to Marchione di Coppo Stefani (1370-1380) people looked to the doctors and the clergy for answers and advice, neither had the answers nor the cure. â€Å" In the year of the Lord 1348 the was a great pestilence in the city of Florence.

Reseach on Leukemia

â€Å"LEUKEMIA† CANCER OF THE BLOOD INTRODUCTION â€Å"You have to realize that every well person is a miracle, it takes billions of cells to make up a person, and it will only take one cell to be bad to destroy the whole person†, this quote is from Barbara Bush from one of her past interviews about a daughter she lost with leukemia (Cunningham, 1988). This quote reminded me five years ago, when my niece was diagnosed with leukemia. She does not only have one bad cell inside her body but she has extra 330,000 counts of white blood cells that are not normal.It was summer of year 2008 when my niece who is freshmen in high school was diagnosed with leukemia or cancer of the blood. Leukemia is a cancer that starts in the tissue that forms blood and affects the bone marrow (Anonymous A, 2012). Leukemia is found in white blood cells or leukocytes which characterized by an abnormal increase in white blood cells called â€Å"blast†, they do not fully form as they should and thereby blocking production of functioning blood cells. Unlike normal blood cells, leukemia cells don’t die when they should. They may crowd out normal white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.This makes it hard for normal blood cells to do their work (Anonymous A 2012). Experiencing this type of cancer in our family makes me realize how a healthy body is truly a blessing that everybody should appreciate and learn how to take care of. Leukemia may not be the worst cancer we have right now, but many people of all ages suffer from this disease. According to the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society (2012), an estimated 274,930 people in the United States are living with or are in remission from Leukemia and an estimated 44,600 new cases of leukemia are expected to be diagnosed in the United States in 2011.It is also said that leukemia is the most common type of cancer in children and adolescents and is the tenth most frequently occurring type cancer of all races or ethnici ties (Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, 2012). Leukemia is a cancer that has a significant effect on our society, it is a non-sexist or ageist cancer that we should be aware of and be educated more on. BODY I. HISTORY OF LEUKEMIA Leukemia was first observed in 1845 by a pathologist named Rudolf Virchow.He observed an abnormal large number of white blood cells in a blood sample from a patient and called this condition â€Å"Leukamie† in German, which he formed from the two Greek words leukos, meaning â€Å"white† and aima, meaning â€Å"blood†. Ten years after this discovery, another pathologist, Franz Ernst Christian Neumann found that a deceased leukemia patient’s bone marrow was colored â€Å"dirty green-yellow† as opposed normal red colored. This finding helped Neumann to conclude that a bone marrow problem was responsible for the abnormal blood leukemia patients.In 1947 pathologist Sydney Farber believed from past experiments that administering, a folic acid mimic, could potentially cure leukemia for children. In 1962, researchers Emil J. Freireich Jr. and Emil Frei III used combination of chemotherapy to attempt to cure leukemia, the test were successful with some patients surviving long after the tests (Patlak, 1998). II. FOUR TYPES OF LEUKEMIA Leukemia is grouped by how quickly the disease develops (acute or chronic), as well as by the type of blood cells that is affected (lymphocytes or myelocytes) (Anonymous A. 012). Acute leukemia cells increases rapidly and usually worsens quickly than chronic leukemia. There are four main types of leukemia which includes acute lymphocytic leukemia â€Å"ALL†, chronic lymphocytic leukemia â€Å"CLL†, acute myelocytic leukemia â€Å"AML†, and chronic myelocytic leukemia â€Å"CML†. * Chronic lymphocytic leukemia â€Å"CLL† is the most common type of leukemia (Bazell, 2011). It affects the lymphoid cells and usually grows slowly or gets worst slowly. I t is also sometimes referred to as chronic lymphoblast leukemia (Anonymous B, 2012).Most often, people diagnosed with this type of leukemia are over the age of 55, it almost never affects children and more common in men than women. * Chronic myelogenous leukemia â€Å"CML† it is sometimes referred to as chronic myeloid leukemia or chronic granulocytic leukemia. This type of leukemia affects the myeloid cells and usually gets worse slowly. This type of leukemia occurs frequently in adults in their 50’s and is rarely seen in children. CML is also classified into three district phases, the chronic phase, accelerated phase and the blast crisis.Knowing the CML phase plays a large part in determining the type of treatment a patient will receive (Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, 2012). Each phase describes the CML’s progression which determined by the number of blast cells. * Chronic Phase, this phase is made up of patients with fewer than five percent blast in their blo od and bone marrow samples (The Survivors Club Staff, 2012). During this phase, the white cells can still fight infection. Patients in this phase have a very mild symptoms or not noticeable. In most cases, long term drug therapy can control this phase. Accelerated Phase, in this phase, the patients have more than five percent but less than thirty percent blast in their blood and bone marrow samples. Most patients within the accelerated phase suffer from loss of appetite and weight loss and do not respond as well as to traditional treatments. * Blast Crisis Phase or Acute Blast Phase, in this phase the patients has more than thirty percent blast cells and the cancer has spread from the bone marrow to other organs (The Survivor’s Club Staff, 2012). Because of elevated blast in the blood, this means lower than normal number of red blood cells and platelets. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia â€Å"ALL†, this is most common type of childhood leukemia, which accounts for about 3 out of 4 cases of leukemia in children. It usually occurs in children ages 2 through 5 years. This disease also affects adults especially those ages 65 and older. ALL is the most successful treated type of childhood leukemia (Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, 2012). This type of leukemia usually gets worse quickly and sometimes referred to as acute lymphocytic leukemia. * Acute Myelogenous Leukemia â€Å"AML† occurs more commonly in men than women and more with adults than children.The incidence of AML increases with age. This is a kind of leukemia that gets worse quickly and sometimes referred to as acyte myeloid leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia and myeloblastic leukemia (Anonymous, 2012). III. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF LEUKEMIA Like many other cancer, leukemia usually is diagnosed when it is in the accelerated stage because people usually go to the doctor only when they feel sick, and most often than not the symptoms for leukemia manifest when there is already a large amount of b last in the blood.People with chronic leukemia may not even have symptoms until it is in the accelerated phase. Because leukemia is characterized by rapid increase in the number of immature blood cells and by the excessive buildup of relative mature, but still abnormal white blood cells. The crowding of blast in the blood makes the bone marrow unable to produce healthy blood cells which results in lack of red blood cells that carries oxygen, lack of platelets which is important in blood clotting process and lack of healthy white blood cells which are important in fighting infections.When there is lack of platelets in the body this result in easy bruising or bleeding. Lack of red blood cells leads to paleness and fatigue due to anemia. With lack of healthy white blood cells the body is susceptible to infections and this could lead to patient experiencing frequent infection ranging from infected tonsils, sores in the mouth or diarrhea to life threatening infections (Morgan, 2010). Oth er symptoms of chronic and acute leukemia may include fevers or night sweats, weight loss for no known reason, pain in the bones or joints, swelling or discomfort in the abdomen from a swollen spleen or liver.Having the symptoms mentioned above does not necessary mean that a person has leukemia. If a person is experiencing more than one of the symptoms it is best to check with their doctor or a health care provider and do some blood test, only then can the doctor tell if a person has leukemia or not. Ignoring warning signs and symptoms can make a treatable condition terminal. The sooner a person checks with their doctor the better chances they have in fighting any disease. III. CAUSE OF LEUKEMIAThe exact cause of leukemia is not known and there is no known way to prevent this disease. Many doctors seldom know why one person gets leukemia and the other doesn’t (Anonymous A, 2012). However, according to the National Cancer Institute (2011), there are researches which show that certain risk factors increase the chance that a person will get leukemia. Some of the risk factors are radiation, smoking, benzene, chemotherapy, down syndrome and certain other inherited diseases, certain other blood disorders and family history of leukemia.Exposure to a very high level of radiation will make the person much more likely to get AML, CML and ALL. Exposure to radiation can come from atomic bomb explosions, radiation therapy and diagnostics x-rays. Smoking can also increase the risk of AMC. The average smoker is exposed to about 10 times the daily intake of benzene compared to nonsmokers (Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, 2012). Benzene is widely used in the chemical industry and it is also found in cigarette smoke and gasoline, exposure to benzene can increase a person’s risk of getting AMC.Chemotherapy, down syndrome and other inherited disease, certain blood disorder such as myelodysplastic syndrome and family history of leukemia are all linked with increasing t he risk of leukemia. IV. TREATMENT The ability to listen to one’s body is an important first step in finding a problem, so it can be properly diagnosed and treated (Wedro, 2012). The diagnosis of leukemia starts by going to the doctor and having a blood test. If the person is tested positive for leukemia then bone marrow aspiration test might be needed to check for the blood cells that cause leukemia and what type of leukemia it is.People with leukemia have many treatment options these days. According to the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society (2012), chances in surviving this disease is a lot better today than they were 40 years ago. The overall five-year survival rate for leukemia has nearly quadrupled in the past 50 years. From 1960 to 1963, the five-year relative survival rate among whites with leukemia was 14 percent, then it went up to 34. 4 percent from 1975 to 1977 and from 2001 to 2007, the overall relative survival rate was at 56. 6 percent.Treatment of this disease also depends on the type of leukemia, the age of the patient and if leukemia cells were found in the cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment for leukemia can be one or combination of chemotherapy, targeted therapy, biological therapy, radiation therapy and stem cell transplant. * Chemotherapy is probably the most common type of treatment for cancer. Chemotherapy uses drugs to destroy leukemia cells. A patient may receive chemotherapy by mouth, which are pills that can be swallowed, by vein or tube inserted into the vein.Another way to receive the drug is through catheter where a tube is placed in a large vein in the upper chest and drugs will be injected into the catheter rather than directly into veins. The drugs can also be received into the cerebrospinal fluid by injecting drugs directly into the cerebrospinal fluid * Targeted therapy is another treatment for people with chronic myeloid leukemia and some with acute lymphoblast leukemia. This type of therapy use drugs such as Imatinib (Gleevec) tablets that block the growth of leukemia cells, it blocks the action of an abnormal protein that stimulates the rowth of leukemia cells (National Cancer Institute, 2011). * Biological therapy for leukemia is a treatment that improves the body’s natural defenses against the disease. This is a substance that can be injected directly into the muscle or can be given by IV infusion. * Radiation Therapy or radiotherapy is another treatment for leukemia; it uses high energy rays to kill leukemia cells. Some people receive radiation therapy from a large machine that is aimed at the spleen, the brain, or other parts of the body where leukemia cells have collected.Others may receive radiation that is directly to the whole body. Radiotherapy is a standard treatment for many types of cancer (Anonymous, 2012). * Stem Cell Transplant is the replacement of damaged bone marrow cell with healthy cells. Stem cells that are used for transplants can be taken from bone marrow, from the bloodstr eam, or from umbilical cord blood. This treatment is used to treat the disease that damage or destroy the bone marrow and to restore the bone marrow after it has been destroyed by high doses of radiation and chemotherapy.Stem cells may come from the patient, from identical twin, family member and from other donor. People with acute leukemia need treatment right away and the goal of the treatment is to destroy signs of leukemia in the body and make symptoms go away. Many people with acute leukemia can be cured. (National Cancer Institute, 2011). If a person has chronic leukemia without symptoms, they may not need a cancer treatment right away. When treatment for chronic leukemia is needed, it can often control the disease and its symptoms.Unfortunately, CLL is probably incurable by present treatments as chronic leukemia can seldom be cured with chemotherapy. However, stem cell transplants offer people with chronic leukemia the chance for cure (National Cancer Institute, 2011). With a ll the technology available to us right now and with all the research and studies being done to find a new and better ways to treat leukemia, I’m hopeful that a cure for all types of leukemia will be discovered soon. CONCLUSION Learning you have leukemia or one of your loved ones have this disease can definitely change your live and the lives of those people around you.When we learned about my niece’s condition 5 years ago, there was a dramatic change in our family on how we viewed life and the importance of having a healthy body. My niece Shayna has gone through a lot of test, procedures and treatments because of this disease, it is probably her positive outlook in life and prayer that helped her fight this disease. Although Shayna is still taking Gleevec every day to block the growth of leukemia cells, her doctors already considered her to be in remission.She had normal blood counts for over four years now. In any disease, may it be cancer, diabetes, pneumonia or any life threatening or non-life threatening disease, it is important to listen to your body and do the first step of getting checked by a health care professional. It is also important to take life’s obstacle with a positive outlook and to have faith and hope from your love ones, from your health care provider, from yourself and from God, for all these would help a person deal and survive any disease.

Cold Blood A True Crime Story Essay - 1903 Words

In Cold Blood: a true crime story Truman Capote was a prolific writer during the 1950s, having written many novels, plays, and short stories. â€Å"Truman Capote was one of the most famous and controversial figures in contemporary American literature† (George).One of his most known work is a novel he wrote in 1966 titled â€Å"In Cold Blood†. In Cold Blood is a book written by Truman Capote detailing the murders of the Clutter family, a true story that had happened 7 years earlier in 1959. Capote started his work with an article with The New Yorker. He set with his friends, who included renowned author Harpor Lee, to research what really happened of the murder of four members of the Clutter Family. Capote and Lee traveled to the city and interviewed people from the town about the crime, as well as eventually interviewing one of the murderers themselves. Such extensive research allowed Capote to include intricate details about the story, and so he was able to write about it in a very interesting way th at included insights from the murderers themselves. The novel was praised by many critics, who deemed it as a classic piece of literature to be taught and studied in school. Many others however viewed it as offensive or inappropriate to certain audiences, which resulted in its banning in some schools. The novel includes great details about the victims and their lives as well as details and insights from the killers. After carefully analyzing the novel, is understandable why such aShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Truman Capote s The Novel Cold Blood1563 Words   |  7 PagesReal crime or true story is a recently denomination term used to refer to nonfictional acting of actual crimes, usually murders. There has been little methodical study of the genre; critics and scholars offer contradictory theories about true-crime literature. Although the term and the popularity of the genre are relatively new, factual accounts of crimes are not. True-crime accounts date back as far as the 18th cent ury, and such writers as Edmund Pearson, William Roughead, and Jonathan Goodman describedRead MoreCold Blood : The Trial Of The Century966 Words   |  4 PagesIn Cold Blood verses the Trial of the Century Timelines and storytelling are two of the important aspects of any trial which occurs in the American Courts. The story of â€Å"In Cold Blood† by Truman Capote’s original publication in a four part article in The New Yorker, In Cold Blood was turned into a movie, some would say a documentary of the mass murder, it mirrors the crime O.J. Simpson was accused of in many aspects as being brutal and deliberate but as in both instances the stories appear to bringRead MoreThe Cold Blood By Truman Capote967 Words   |  4 PagesIn Cold Blood Do you think that every crime has to be breathtaking to attract readers` attention? Not at all. â€Å"In Cold Blood† is a non-fiction novel of 1967 by Truman Capote, where a life story of the Clutter family is told. Exactly this story of crime can make you a philosopher – while reading, you will definitely think over the tragedy and the meaning of life. The Clutters met a lot of difficulties on their way to find happiness, but were murdered because of no reason. The police was baffled, asRead MoreAnalysis Of John Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men And Cold Blood 1678 Words   |  7 Pagesor wrong, or if they think a certain situation is right and wrong? Of Mice and Men, written by John Steinbeck in 1937 and In Cold Blood, written in 1966 both explore the idea of right and wrong with humanity in two comparable situations. The novels both tell like stories that convey alike ideas, but the books are written differently. In Of Mice and Men and In Cold Blood, both authors, Stei nbeck and Capote, include similar themes, setting, plot, emotion, and characters, whereas they differ in specificRead MoreIn Cold Blood Book Review896 Words   |  4 Pageschronicles the course and motives of complex crime, read Truman Capote’s â€Å"In Cold Blood: A True Account of a Multiple Murder and Its Consequences.† If one scares easily, is squeamish or wants to avoid imagining a remorseless, brutal killer around every corner, do not. In his 1965 nonfiction novel, Capote paints a disturbingly vivid picture of the quadruple murder of the Clutters, a highly regarded and semi-wealthy farming family from Holcomb, Kansas. In Cold Blood examines the incentives and methods usedRead MoreTruman Capote s Cold Blood Tainted By Long Lost Files By Kevin Helliker Essay976 Words   |  4 PagesTruman Capote was a revolutionary writer of Southern descent known for the work In Cold Blood, among others. In Cold Blood is a non-fiction story based on the murder events of a four-person rich family in Kansas. Capote came across this newspaper article in 1959 and researched this story for five years, becoming very close to the two murderers, Richard Eugene Hickock and Perry Edward Smith. Not only did he speak to these real-life murderers, he talked to the townspeople of Holcomb, where the murdersRead MoreCold Blood s Accuracy Of Perry Smith s Childhood1197 Words   |  5 PagesLayne LaChapelle Wilson English 12 December 7, 2015 In Cold Blood’s accuracy of Perry Smith’s Childhood The movie In Cold Blood was made in 1967 on the 14th of December produced by Richard brooks and published by Columbia pictures Inc. This movie is about the Clutter family murder in 1959. The movie focuses mainly on the backstory and build up to the murder and the relationship of Perry and his partner in crime Richard Hickock. The movie opens up on Perry, not much information is given from theRead MoreEssay on A Chilling Perspective in Truman Capotes In Cold Blood1256 Words   |  6 Pagesin Capotes In Cold Blood    Truman Capotes In Cold Blood is the story of Perry and Dick and the night of November 15, 1959. This investigative, fast-paced and straightforward documentary provides a commentary on the nature of American violence and examines the details of   the motiveless murders of four members of the Clutter family and the investigation that led to the capture, trial, and execution of the killers. While reading Truman Capotes novel,In Cold Blood , I spent moreRead MoreTruman Capote and Postmodernism1398 Words   |  6 Pageswell-known for his late-night talk show appearances as for his prose† (Patterson 1). Capote was a literary pop star at the height of his fame in 1966, after he had written such classic books as, Other Rooms, Other Voices, Breakfast at Tiffany’s, and In Cold Blood. Postmodernism was a literary period that began after the Second World War and was a rejection of traditional writing techniques. It used fragmented sentences and questionable narrators, as well as many other unconventional techniques, to breakRead MoreAnalysis Of Truman Capote s Cold Blood 1213 Words   |  5 PagesNiki Marshall Block 8 AP Lang In Cold Blood On November 14, 1959, Herbert Clutter, his wife Bonnie, and their two children, Nancy and Kenyon, were murdered in their Kansas farmhouse. Perry Smith and Richard Hickock whom had never met the family before that fateful night, had entered the home in hopes to find a large amount of cash in a safe. The money was non-existent and instead of just committing a robbery, they ended up murdering the entire family. On November 15th, the New York Times published

The Effects Of Drug Abuse On American Soil Essay - 1539 Words

In a day and age where there is no clear or apparent bad guy, the United States battles an elusive foe on our home soil. The current epidemic of drug abuse claims the lives of thousands of Americans without any discrimination or bias. The decades old â€Å"war on drugs† has done little to hinder the devastating carnage of widespread drug abuse decimating today’s youth. This affliction hits home for almost all of us to at least some extent. The enemy is known, we as a country however have yet to devise an accurate plan to defeat it. This paper delves into the current polysubstance dependence epidemic waging war on American soil. It elaborates and discusses the evolution of American drug consumption and the impact felt by American families. Furthermore, possible root causes and predisposing factors are considered. Conclusively, this paper touches on current avenues of treatment and intervention while suggesting alternative approaches to combatting this affliction. Introduction â€Å"Substance Dependence: A maladaptive pattern of substance abuse, leading to clinically significant impairment or distress†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (American Psychiatric Association, 2000) America today is a modernized, dynamic entity indicative of a country in distress. Our economy is struggling with marginal signs of improvement. Our international relations reveal indications of turbulence and strain. The current healthcare system has proven to be not only inefficient, but harmful to those who contribute theShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Crack Cocaine Epidemic of the Mid 1980s1382 Words   |  6 Pageshistory of the United States which was excited by controversies, social issues, and drug abuse. The topic of this statement is fueled by the growing abuse of cocaine in the mid 1980s. I shall discuss the effects of the crack cocaine epidemic of the mid 1980s from a cultural and social stand point because on that decade this country moved to the rhythms and the pace of this uncanny drug. Cocaine took its told on American society by in the 1980s; it ravaged with every social group, race, class, etc. ItRead MoreThe War on Drugs1350 Words   |  6 Pagesstruggling with the problem of drug addiction of its citizens. This has led the federal government to take measures to restrain the problem of addiction in the United States. However, after observing these measures, such as the ‘War on Drugs’ and its consequences, scholars now question the effectiveness of the drug policy implemented. Some scholars even argue that the War on Drugs has been more harmful to American citizens than helpful. Also, scholars claim that the drug policy has had severe consequencesRead MoreEssay On Uphill Battle987 Words   |  4 Pagesmilitary threat, and an unstable environment, the United States is on the forefront of an uphill battle. Americans face so many issues; however, the most pressing of those issues are North Korean violence, dangerous environmental conditions, and th e rapidly increasing drug epidemic. With North Koreans greatly expanding military capabilities, environmental issues that threaten our natural habitat, and a drug epidemic causing harm to thousands of people each year the United States is faced with major issuesRead MoreSubstance Abuse1320 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom substance abuse, drugs and alcohol. â€Å"People abuse substances such as drugs, alcohol, and tobacco for varied and complicated reasons, but it is clear that our society pays a significant cost. The toll for this abuse can be seen in our hospitals and emergency departments through direct damage to health by substance abuse and its link to physical trauma. Jails and prisons tally daily the strong connection between crime and drug dependence and abuse. Although use of some drugs such as cocaineRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1672 Words   |  7 Pagesmarijuana usage. This marijuana causes white women to seek sexual relations with Negroes, entertainers and any others (ukcia.org, (n.d), para. 1). Since this time, the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 has spawned more strict laws that have many unintended side effects. After many decades, effective federal propaganda has won public support for these laws. Only recently, U.S. citizens have started to question why marijuana is illegal. I feel that it would be beneficia l to discard these laws and beliefs of the pastRead MoreMarijuana Essay1535 Words   |  7 PagesAdministrative Law Judge Francis L. Young. Between 9 and 17 million Americans are occasional users of marijuana and about 3 million are daily users. As many as 40 million have tried the drug for many different reasons such as experimentation and peer pressure (Schleichert 40). 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Although I defend the legalization of marijuana I do not endorse the legalization of other Schedule I drugs, FN1 therefore this paper is not about the legalization of all drugs. THE LONG HISTORY OF MARIJUANA: Cannabis, as most people

Processes that Change Childrens Thinking over Time

The following essay will aim to describe what processes, according to Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental theory, change children’s thinking over time, as well as the nature of the child’s thinking in each of the four stages of development. It will lastly show how these different stages influence not only what we teach but also how we teach it. In order to comprehensively describe the processes the essay will look at the four stages of Piaget’s theory namely the sensorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete operational stage and the formal operations stage, their individual characteristics and how a child’s cognitive processes develop. Piaget (1950) as cited in Shaffer and Kipp (2004, pp54) defined intelligence as a â€Å"basic life process that helps an organism adapt to their environment. Piaget believed that children construct their own knowledge from experimenting in their immediate world, and are intrinsically** motivated to learn for themselves. He provided the explanations they children of different ages and stages think of different ways and their progression through these stages is systematic and invariant, i.e. children have to progress through theses stages in the same order (Crain, 1992). Piaget’s theory looked the organised pattern of thought or action a child would construct in order to understand the experiences that they are involved in; he called these cognitive processes schemes (Crain, 1992). Children go through these schemes using the thoughtShow MoreRelatedShould We Abandon Piaget‚Äà ´s Theory Given the Amount of Criticism It Has Received over the Year?1413 Words   |  6 Pagesamount of criticism it has received over the year? Jean Piaget (1896-1980) in his early years of age was a biologist who originally studied molluscs but later he moved into the study of the development of children s understanding, through observing them and talking and listening to them while they worked on exercises he set. He started his tests with his own children on describing the mechanism by which the mind processes new information. His views of how children’s minds work and develop have beenRead More Information processing and cognitive development Essay633 Words   |  3 Pagesthis approach place specific emphasis on the processes of cognitive development. Cognitive perspectives examine development in terms of mental processing. The two major views within this subject are cognitive developmental theory and information processing theory. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Theorists claim that our cognitive processes are like that of a computer. They have used this as a model to break down the process of the human thinking processes and cognitive performance. When you receiveRead MorePediatricians Recommend That Young Children Ages 21105 Words   |  5 Pages24-hour period, 15 hours is required for sleep, the child is left with 9 hours. If 6-7 hours of what is left with is used for kindergarten, the child is left with around 2-3 hours to do everything else. The child will not have enough hours to spend time with and to eat, learn morals and culture from their family. That is the case if the pediatrician s recommendation of 12-15 hours of sleep is met. If the recommendation is not met, putting children through full day kindergarten is only going toRead MoreThe Development Of The Cognition1013 Words   |  5 Pages(2-6 year olds) is the assembly of the thought processes. The thought processes are comprised of memory, problem solving, and decision-making (Encyclopedia of Children’s Health). Universally all children’s thought processes consist of these three abilities; however, there are cases where the child doesn’t have the ability or can be impaired in one or more of these abilities. Several theories of how a child in the early years thinks have been developed over the years. The motor skills, brain developmentRead MoreThe Stages Of Piaget s Development Theory1500 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay is concerned with the Concrete Operational Stage of Piaget’s development theory, which he described as â€Å"a major turnin g point in a child’s cognitive development as it is the beginning of logical thought processes† (Piaget, 1954). This typically occurs between seven and eleven years of age. It will describe the developmental tests used to evidence development and evaluate the strengths and weakness of the theory in relation to the stage and tests used. During this stage, children developRead MoreEssay about Compare and Contrast Two Theories of Gender Role Development1379 Words   |  6 Pagesrelative importance of social and cognitive factors. Various theories are brought up in this field and in this essay two of the most standard theory in this field are going to be explained. The theories covered in this essay relate to aspects of children’s thinking that are central to their gender development. This will include, Kohlberg‘s theory of gender development (1966) and Bandura‘s theory of social cognitive development (1986). Theories like these help psychologists understand how and in which wayRead MoreHuman Development1668 Words   |  7 Pageslife. During the past fifty years, there have been many studies in children’s cognitive development and earlier childhood memory loss. Ernest G. Schachtel conducted studies on why people forget childhood memories as they grow older. He described the processes that co uld be involved in early memory loss (Crain, 2005). He was influenced by Sigmund Freud’s cognitive theory (Crain, 2005). Lev S. Vygotsky, however, described children’s early memory development as a holistic process that involved societyRead MorePiaget in the Classroom1334 Words   |  6 Pagesunderlie specific acts of intelligence and correspond to changes in child development. A review of the assumptions and ideas grounded in his theory and investigation into research conducted since will illustrate applications of his developmental ideas on modern educational practice. Based upon his detailed observational studies, Piaget theorized that early cognitive development involved processes based upon actions and later progresses into changes in mental operations. ‘Piaget viewed cognitive developmentRead MoreFamily Youth Communtiy Sciences1484 Words   |  6 Pages0.0/ 0.4 Points The stage concept assumes that change is A. development is a process of gradually adding more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with. B. change is fairly sudden rather than gradual and ongoing. C. infants and preschoolers respond to the world in much the same way as adults do. D. development is a smooth, continuous process. Question 3 of 25 0.0/ 0.4 Points Dr. Kudrow views development as open to change in response to influential experiences. Dr. KudrowRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1096 Words   |  5 Pagescognitive development in childhood. He was convinced that the development of thinking is a linear and an universal development that occurs in four major stages. Each stage is characterised by a certain type of thinking. After resolving each stage you think qualitatively differently than in the stage before. What has been criticised is his suggestion that everyone gains certain cognitive abilities at around the same time. Theorists are claiming that this does not take into account the individual

Role Of Public Libraries In Society Education Essay Free Essays

Introduction A public library is a non-profit library, which is maintained for public usage and funded by the authorities or the public beginnings. Unlike other libraries, public library satisfies general public information demands by supplying all sorts of cognition and information available to all sections of the community regardless of race, nationality, age, gender, faith, linguistic communication, disablement, economic and employment position. It may besides supply other services to their communities such as, storytelling for kids, after-school plans, linguistic communication acquisition, seminars, workshops and other community services. We will write a custom essay sample on Role Of Public Libraries In Society Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Public libraries were initiated back in antediluvian times. They were known and used by Greeks, Romans, North Africa and Middle East. However they did non originate in Europe and America until 18th and nineteenth century. In USA and Europe, public libraries started with a contribution from many private altruists like Andrew Carnegie and Benjamin Franklin. Like other altruist, both Benjamin Franklin and Andrew Carnegie realized that books, and the cognition they provide, should non be for merely profusion but for functioning the populace and for anyone who wanted to larn. Because of this belief, they made books and money available to the general populace through their philanthropic gift. Throughout the history, the library aggregations have been changed and developed. Nowadays, beside printed books and traditional stuffs, public libraries offer broad scope of other media and modern engineerings like, videos, audio books, e-books, DVD ‘s and others. Similarly, the functions and missions of public library have been shifted from recreational reading to moving as active educational, economic and societal agents. A A A A A A A This paper seeks to offer a literature reappraisal on the function of public libraries in society. Take the manner of the litrature reappraisal and the words from article ( kids litracy ) A study reveals that, show, found, assume, Harmonizing to Lyman ( 1977 ) , Weibel ( 1992 ) looked at the function of the library in advancing literacy, Spink ( 1989 ) notes, Other surveies have concentrated on, provinces, points out, believe Role of public libraries Public library plays an of import function in people ‘s lives as a beginning of accessing information and a topographic point for cognition creative activity. It has shown that public libraries are of import informational, educational, cultural, and societal establishments. Public library and Education One of the public libraries ‘ important and cardinal functions is instruction. Public libraries provide books and other stuffs for people to read and utilize. These stuffs are educational and lead to self-improvement and develop basic literacy accomplishments. Public Libraries have ever seen as an educational resource for all people. The educative function of public libraries has expanded to include back uping both formal and informal instruction. A. Public library and literacy Literacy is the ability to read and compose. In libraries civilization, this construct is expanded to include the cognition or instruction in one or several Fieldss required to develop single and communities ‘ accomplishments. Learning today is non a luxury limited merely to selected group, but it is indispensable for endurance. Expansion of literacy demands reading and composing stuff. ( Wijentunge, 2000 ) The public library is the local centre for supplying a wealth of information through acquisition installations and stuffs to back up literacy to the general populace. Literacy is besides achieved by supplying literacy plans and activities for different groups and ages. Public libraries continue to play a major function in furthering literacy in communities and societies, peculiarly among those groups of the populations that need particular aid in developing literacy accomplishments, such as preschool and simple school kids. Children literacy is one of the educative functions of public libraries. Public libraries concern in supplying kids and exposing them to high-quality reading stuffs and rich linguistic communication experiences during the important preschool and simple school old ages. ( Celano, 2001 ) Pennsylvania public libraries are among the libraries, which keen in heightening the kids literacy accomplishments by turn outing them high quality stuffs and affecting them in summer reading plans, narrative hours, humanistic disciplines and crafts activities. A survey was done in Pennsylvania public libraries utilizing qualitative and quantitative methods to analyze how library preschool and summer reading plans contribute to kids ‘s reading accomplishments. Surveies were sent to every 3rd library mercantile establishment listed in the directory of Pennsylvania libraries ( 227 studies ) . The survey reveals that kids who participate in summer reading plans gain more literacy accomplishments. They besides found that preschool and summer reading plans encourage kids to pass more clip with books. Furthermore, Observations and question show that library plans encourage parents to play greater functions in their kids ‘s literacy development ( Celano, 2001 ) . B. Public library and Non-formal Education Non-formal instruction is an unsystematic signifier of acquisition and educational activity that occurs outside of traditional organisation or establishment. Unlike the formal instruction, non-formal instruction is non-structured educational system. Examples of non-formal instruction include after-school plans, community-based organisations, museums, libraries, or at place. The purposes of both formal and non-formal instruction are similar but they are different in attack. ( Abraham, 2010 ) . Both larning focal point on deriving cognition and accomplishments nevertheless, the manner of deriving acquisition is different. Non-formal educational patterns are reinforced due to the challenges of modern information society. Abraham ( 2010 ) states that rural people suffer from deficiency of proper instruction. He points out that formal instruction is clip edge, stiff and hard to such people hence, non-formal instruction is much suited to rural people in order to fulfill their demands and suit their environmental conditions. He describes the public library as â€Å" public assistance centre, which provides utile services to the community by furthering instruction, advancing civilization, diversion and airing of information to all subdivisions of the society † . Abraham ( 2010 ) looked at the public libraries as the most appropriate centres through which non-formal instruction can be achieved. He found that some public libraries in rural countries in India ( Kerala ) play an of import function in back uping non-formal instruction by forming dark schools, constructive treatments, seminars and symposia to contend illiteracy and proliferation reading wont. A survey was conducted in one of the Kerala territories ( Abraham, 2010 ) to garner an overview of the function of public libraries in advancing non-formal instruction. Inquirers were distributed among 20 adult females labourers. It was found that 30 % of them could go on their instruction and are trying to accomplish minimal making through utilizing rural libraries in their ain place countries. 60 % could read and compose and 10 % stopped their instruction due to assorted forces grounds. C. Public library and Life long larning Lifelong acquisition is the procedure of continues and on traveling larning throughout individual life in order to heighten uninterrupted development and betterment of the person ‘s ‘ cognition and accomplishments. Life long larning can non be achieved without literacy because reading and authorship is indispensable for larning. Due to the complex and rapid alteration environment, people need to get a assortment of accomplishments and knowledge irrespective of their age, societal, political or economic position. Wijetunge ( 2000 ) states that public libraries contribute to the womb-to-tomb acquisition by back uping the scholars to place and turn up the reading stuffs relevant to the demands of the community. Karunawathie ( 1998 ) gave an illustration of how the Negombo Public Library has contributed to the community in which it exists. The public library has assisted the fishing community in Negombo in altering the procedure of their fishing engineering by supplying the community with good and rich stuffs related to completing industry. 2. Public library and Economic development Public libraries do non merely have educational functions and maps but besides contribute to states ‘ economic systems. There is a important displacement in the function of libraries ; from recreational reading and educational establishments to active economic development agents. † Due to economic development and globalisation, public libraries started to concern in back uping concern and economic development through supplying effectual concern services, resources and literacy plans to their concern communities. Economic and instruction research workers have been analyzing how educational degrees are related to states ‘ economic growing and economic productiveness. They believe that more educated and skilled workers are more productive. ( Liu, 2004 ) A research survey ( Liu, 2004 ) was done to analyze the relationship between public libraries and school libraries and how they are related to states ‘ literacy degrees, which in bend contribute to states ‘ overall economic productiveness. This empirical survey developed a way analysis theoretical account. Cross- state statistics were gathered from a figure of beginnings including the Statistical Abstract of the World and Unesco ‘s Statistical Yearbook. It is demonstrated from this survey that public libraries have a important impact on economic productiveness through supplying assorted concern resources and literacy plans. Other surveies done corroborating the same indicant. A research done by the institute for public and Business Research on behalf of the Kansas State Library ( Glass etc. , 2000 ) . The intent of the survey was to find how Kansas public libraries could play a more active axial rotation in back uping concern and economic development in their communities. The research applied three chief tools: ( 1 ) Focus groups with bibliothecs and concerns, ( 2 ) Case surveies of four local libraries, ( 3 ) Surveies of public libraries, concerns, Chambers of Commerce, and Small Business Development Centers. The survey shows that about a 3rd of successful concerns and economic organisations in all parts of the province usage public libraries as a resource. 3.Public libraries and democratic administration Public libraries are one of the most successful information centres for increasing the quality of life and democratic opportunities for citizens by supplying free and equal entree to high-quality information. Information is of import to civic engagement and its development, which become one of the basic maps of public libraries. ( Arko-Cobbah, 2005 ) Harmonizing to Arko-Cobbah ( 2005 ) , Public libraries can help civil society to implement democratic civilization through the followers: Free and just elections Public libraries provide civic societies with instruction plans and necessary information to develop an informed electorate. Through an unfastened entree Internet installations, public libraries can assist with voter enrollment and even function as polling Stationss in some countries. They besides can be used to make out to politically unmotivated citizens and publicise party places, solicit feedback, new thoughts and new members ( Drake, 2001 ) . Citizen engagement in decision-making Through the proviso of Internet installations, public libraries provide and exchange the information needed for duologue that the public needs to do determinations about common concerns and guarantee answerability from the authorities. Human rights In conformity with the rule of human rights, public libraries play important function in guaranting that stuffs and resources are available to run into the demands and involvements of all sections of the community including national minorities. Information Access Free entree to information is a critical component of the human rights issue that promotes the construct of democracy. Intellectual freedom is a basic human right. Want of this right leads to bossy administration. Public libraries play an of import function in supplying free entree to information, which is a necessary status for good administration. Decision Harmonizing to the literature reappraisal, public libraries play cardinal functions in the society. They are educational establishments. They provide educational plans, such as kids ‘s and adult literacy plans, to better the literacy degrees of users. They besides support life long learning instruction. Public libraries besides play a function in supplying concern resources and aggregations in their establishments in order to react to the universe economic challenges. They are besides indispensable to the operation of a democratic society by supplying free and equal entree to high-quality information. Despite of all these critical functions for public libraries in society, these functions are non recognized in Kuwait society. Public libraries in Kuwait focal point merely on back uping formal instruction. The library still remains visited by pupils who perform research on assignments and undertakings. It is recommended that public libraries expand their functions to more important one as discussed in the literature reappraisal. That required more attempts in supplying and diverseness in the resources, aggregations, engineering installations, activities and educational plans in the libraries, which can back up different functions. Besides it is recommended increasing the consciousness of public library functions among users. Media besides could hold a important function in indicating out the importance of public libraries in Kuwait. How to cite Role Of Public Libraries In Society Education Essay, Essay examples

Qualitative Studies In Information Systems â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Qualitative Studies In Information Systems? Answer: Introducation According to the below conducted research, the fact has been observed that the process merging of business activities with the strategic planning process develops the organizational structure. All such activities are processed in the organization so as to attain the organizational objective. The process also helps the organization in bringing changes in the organization according to the fluctuations present in the external environment. The mechanism of the strategic information system was started by Amrollahi, Ghapanchi and Najaftorkaman, (2014) so that the companies can attain a competitive edge in the market by making use of such techniques. The term strategic information system has also been mention in the outcomes of information technology system. Accounting information system assists the organization into initiate functions efficiently by using technology. Further, the importance and use of this system in an organization are discussed in the below mentioned analysis. Organizational structure According to the research conducted by Greenblat, E, (2015), it has been stated that Wesfarmers company has been initiating their business practices according to the conglomerate structure which has been offered through association. This structure of the organization is initiated by adjoining two or more companies in private corporate business form. This amalgamation process builds up by allocating substances, including a private parent company and other holding subsidiaries of the same parent company. Although according to the organizational structure of Wesfarmers, the company explains that they focus on the expansion process. Further, the company also focuses on multi industry corporate structure which is regarded as a hierarchical structure of multination corporates (Ali, Miller, 2017). The company Wesfarmers being a smart company placed itself in the correct target market; apart from that they also purchased the quality association by connecting costs with the output of the com pany. Thus, it shall be noticed that with the adoption of this organizational structure, the business entity is working efficiently by decreasing risk and increasing their stake in the global market through partnering with various firms. So, in this way, the organization structure of the company is helping the company to achieve satisfaction (Carvalho, Guerrini, 2017). Operation issue As per the research executed by Treadgold, T, (2016) the facts that came into accounts is that the company is facing issues in their organizational system which is raising worry for the investors as well. The earning of the company Wesfarmers was solely depending upon the retail business process and majorly on products like food and alcohol division of Coles, due to which the other products of the business process started losing their significance. Another issue which appeared in the organizational structure due to adopting the hierarchical structure is that, although the size of the company expanded with this effect the administration process became ineffective. As it is known that to manage a large scale business, more efficiency is required by the management of the company also new technology shall also be implemented in the business to gain the competitive edge. But the previous business process was facing the issue in above mentioned cases. Apart from there were a few benefits o f this business structure such as tax reduction, reduction in managerial activities etc. (Erazo, Arboleda, Pino, 2017). System Acquisition Method The process of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is an instrument which is coined as business process management software. This process shall be used by the management of the Wesfarmers so that all the issues in the management of the company shall be resolved. The ERP system will help the company in increasing its efficiency of the corporate, as the process is made by combining different application and applying in the organization system. With this initiation of this ERP system in the organization will help the company to execute accuracy in the system and adopt effectiveness in the organizational culture (Garg, et. al., 2017). Further, this system shall be considered as the best suited for the working of the Wesfarmers business process. Also, implementation of ERP will allow the company in processing the automation process in numerical operations and functionalities will be achievable by the company. Also, the effectiveness of the back office management and technological implementation will improve with the initiation of this process (Gonzlez-Benito, Venturini, Gonzlez-Benito, 2017). The above mentioned flow chart shows the sales outcomes of the Wesfarmers Company. Further, the process is divided into various sections which discussed below: The initial stage of the flow chart includes the process of finding new customers and initiating an investigation on the important and valuable aspects of the organization. Further, the request of this phase is transferred to the next level. The request sheet of the company includes the mission and vision statement along with the primary obligation of the business process (Xu, 2017). The assessment shall include the process through which the adequate product is placed in front of the prospective buyer. This will help the company in delegating the sales and initiating the flow of goods as well. Also from this process, sale of all products will get enabled. Following to it, the most important task of the system is to attract the customers by placing the product in front of them. This process will generate greater sales and initiate strong customer relationship as well (Jinno, Abe, Iizuka, 2017). The stage two comprises of the approach which shall be introduced by the company for the customers. Fulfillment of the objective of the organization shall be accumulated through an adequate tactic invented by the company. Also, it is mandatory for the sales representative to have decent knowledge about the company product and services. Most of the techniques used by business process ought to get the slump in the competitive market due to not having an adequate closure. Thus it is mandatory for the company to outrage the demand of the customers by driving the process in the right direction. Lastly, the final step includes follow-up of the corrective methodology implement by the management of the organization (Sarker, Xiao, Beaulieu, 2013). Control problems The frauds which can attract the process of the company is that many times just to earn incentives, the suppliers of raw material which has been selected by the warehousing manager. They order more than required inventory which is not required in production. They can also hike the price while ordering it. So this is the aspect which the company shall overlook while conducting the ERP system (Webb, 2017). Adopting and designing of accounting software Accounting software is an application designed for the business process, which can help them fully utilize and increase its efficiency in an organization. It helps the organization to surpass the orthodox manual recording process and implement effective techniques to record transactions and create books of accounting. Talking about the accounting procedures like ledger accounting, trial balance, cash flow statement etc. are some task which the operations division has to perform, so for these purposes, the management can make use of the ERP software. This will initiate accuracy and effectiveness in the management system. Apart from that, it will also assist the Wesfarmers Company to design the plan for the future outcomes of the organization. The RealitySoftware, (2017), stated that such accounting procedure helps the company to bifurcate the activities of different sections of the Wesfarmers Company. This system of accounting provides assistance to the organization in planning, maintaining, optimizing and implementing the process. This approach of ERP system is developed by combining different models which are efficient in its working with some specific sections dealing in as well. Further, these accounting operations are: Accounts Payable: Money owned recorded by Wesfarmers Accounts Receivable: recording of payment and billing of dues General Ledger: recording to entries which are done by the company Current market size According to the survey conducted by au.finance.yahoo, (2017), the facts that came into accounts is that the business process of Wesfarmers is already placed at the top most position in the market and it also gains the advantage of being a multinational corporation. The below presented data explains the key aspects of the company Wesfarmers in financial terms: An increase was remarked in the revenue of the company, it was 4.3% to $34.5 billion in the previous accounting year. The dividend of the company was declared to be $1.03 (13.2 in per cent). Apart from that the profits also increased to $1.6 billion (.au.finance.yahoo, 2017). The company placed on the top position in the target market of Australia are Wesfarmers (Coles) and Woolworths. These are those firms which make amendments in the industry. The fact has been noticed from last five decades that the business of the company Wesfarmers is growing and its current market size is 35%. Also, the company is sustainably initiating its activities in the global market. Leader who have attained competitive edge As per the survey conducted in the market, the fact that came into existence is that the CEO of the Wesfarmers Company is known as one of the most commendable experts present in the market till date. Apart from that Richard Goyder even took a major step to lead an efficient change in the management. Further the results of such initiation can be clearly seen with the growth of the Wesfarmers Company (Peppard, Ward, 2016). The leaders of Wesfarmers organization namely Rob Scott who is the current Deputy Chief Executive Officer also assisted the company with their effective leadership skills to grace the target market. With the support of such dignitaries the company aced the target market and achieved the competitive edge in the industry. Also, there are many other people who have placed themselves and their company efficiently in the target market, for instance, Steve jobs used innovative marketing technique to sell their products in the target market (Harris, Schultz, 2016). Current gaps and challenges in accounting software The gap in the ERP system software is that it is tough to maintain. The software is not easily understandable by all the co-workers of the organization, due to which they face difficulty in carrying their regular day to day business activity. Apart from that, the system software is installed in the management of the organization so that efficiency of the management can be increased, but due to the inefficiency of the management, it became difficult to utilize the given resources of the organization (Gupta, et. al., 2017). Thus, in the limelight of the above mentioned events, the fact that shall be noted is that Wesfarmers Ltd is a well-known brand. The company has already established its brand image efficiently in the market. The company placed itself in many sectors of the supermarket industry. The aforementioned view provides ERP system implementation in the management of Wesfarmers Company. This method will help the company achieving the competitive advantage in the market. References .au.finance.yahoo, (2017), Yahoo finance, Assessed on 12th September 2017, https://au.finance.yahoo.com/quote/WES.AX/analysts?p=WES.AX Ali, M., Miller, L. (2017). ERP System Implementation in Large Enterprises-A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 30(4). Carvalho, H. L., Guerrini, F. M. (2017). Reference model for implementing ERP systems: an analytical innovation networks perspective. Production Planning Control, 28(4), 281-294. Erazo, J., Arboleda, H., Pino, F. J. (2017, September). Analysis of the Software Implementation Process for ERP Systems. In Colombian Conference on Computing (pp. 297-312). Springer, Cham. Garg, P., Garg, P., Khurana, R., Khurana, R. (2017). Applying structural equation model to study the critical risks in ERP implementation in Indian retail. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 24(1), 143-162. Gonzlez-Benito, ., Venturini, W. T., Gonzlez-Benito, J. (2017). CRM Technology: Implementation Project and Consulting Services as Determinants of Success. International Journal of Information Technology Decision Making, 16(02), 421-441. Gupta, S., Gupta, S., Misra, S. C., Misra, S. C., Singh, A., Singh, A., ... Kumar, U. (2017). Identification of challenges and their ranking in the implementation of cloud ERP: A comparative study for SMEs and large organizations. International Journal of Quality Reliability Management, 34(7), 1056-1072. Harris, R., Schultz, T. (2016). Teaching ERP Implementation with Microsoft Dynamics Sure Step. Proceedings of DYNAA, 7(1). Jinno, H., Abe, H., Iizuka, K. (2017). Consideration of ERP Effectiveness: From the Perspective of ERP Implementation Policy and Operational Effectiveness. Information, 8(1), 14. Peppard, J., Ward, J. (2016). The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley Sons. Realitysoftware, (2017), Accounting software development, Assessed on 12th September 2017, https://www.realitysoftware.ca/services/software-development/accounting/ Sarker, S., Xiao, X., Beaulieu, T. (2013). Qualitative studies in information systems: a critical review and some guiding principles. MIS quarterly, 37(4), iii-xviii. Webb, M., (2017). Avoid The Four Most Common Mistakes of Sales Process Mapping. Viewed on September 25, 2017 from https://www.isixsigma.com/tools-templates/process-mapping/avoid-four-most-common-mistakes-sales-process-mapping/ Xu, H. (2017). What SMEs need to focus on in order to obtain benefits of ERP systems?.