Initial and Current Museum Policies of Istanbul Archaeology Museum

Initial and Current Museum Policies of Istanbul Archaeology Museum Free Online Research Papers Founded in efforts of Westernization, in the most difficult times of the Empire politically and economically, Istanbul Archaeological Museum (IAM) was the first museum of the Ottoman Empire. As an imperial museum, IAM had different connotations for the West and the public, implying sovereignty of the state over the historical artifacts in its territory as well as underscoring ‘being modern’ through the collections. As the state’s policy, regarding economic and political issues, both domestic and international changed, so did the collection and regulations of the museum. With the ending era of Osman Hamdi Bey, the museum had taken its current form in respect of museum premises and strict regulations on historical artifacts which were going to be in practice for long time even after the end of the Empire, had been enacted. Therefore, the process between the establishment of IAM in a time when there was not even a well constituted policy on cultural issues and the ending of the era of Osman Hamdi Bey is aimed to be studied with references to the State’s practices in respect of historical artifacts and implementations on IAM, whereby the museum policies of the time are aimed to be propounded. After the millennium, modern Turkey, in efforts of harmonization process to the EU, has faced certain changes in the perception of the role of the state in culture area, which has been under the strict authority of the state. According to this, Turkey has adopted an approach, which suggests that the state should assume a regulative, not determinative, role in respect of culture policies. Upon the accession to power of AKP (Justice and Development Party), several amendments to the legal framework were introduced as well as the enactment of several new regulations. IAM has been experiencing some changes accordingly in administrative issues and a new approach to the museum’s policy has been adopted. In this context, initial and current role of the museum for the state and people aimed to be studied. IAM was officially founded as an imperial museum in 1869, as a part of the westernization efforts in the Ottoman Empire, which had been going through a disintegration period, in an era when interest in archaeology was at the height in Europe. Although the impetus lying beneath establishment of the museum was to protect the antiques within the Ottoman territory, the museum was more than just for the protection and the exhibition of the antiques. Moreover, having adapted museum, along with other Western institutions, the state was not only implying the modernity, but also proclaiming sovereignty over the antiques as a symbol of the power of the state, through the museum. On the other hand; even though the museum expressed sovereignty and modernity in respect of foreign policy concerns, it was not attributed with any social roles, unlike its contemporary peers. Although some parallels between the museum and education was apparent initially, the museum was not been welcomed by the Islami c population of the Empire, who were skeptical about everything related to Christianity. The bad practices, regarding economic and political issues which were enforced by the Western powers during Tanzimat era, had resulted national riots and class conflict within the Ottoman Territory. Thus, Muslim population had generated a dislike, as a reaction often resulting to reject everything related to the West. Moreover, people remained distant to the museum as they did not consider the Greco-Roman artifacts as a part of their identity. However, the public’s lack of interest in the museum cannot be explained solely by identity matters. In addition to that, the museum had not been publicized enough and the public had not much idea about the artifacts in the museum. As we can see from the newspapers of the time, such as Malumat dated 1899, the museum had been criticized for being close on Fridays , off day for students and workers, and admission fee (5 kurus) considered too expensive discouraging people to visit the museum. Apparently, the museum remained as a result of strong political will in an era of conflict between west and east was at its height. The Ottoman and Islamic artifacts, which had not been included to the collection of the museum in the early times, were added to the collection as of 1889, whereby the Islamic and Ottoman heritage and culture had been utilized as an instrument to integrate the Empire through the museum. However, Islamic artifacts were also declared to be considered as the state’s property in 1906. The development of the museum had been primarily dependent on the ideological backgrounds and concerns of the statesmen. When enlightened men were in office the museum improved. The term of office of Osman Hamdi Bey was breakthrough for the museum. The devoted efforts and commitment of Osman Hamdi Bey enabled the collection of the museum to expand in a short period of time and the museum became known worldwide as one of the leading museums of the time. It is seen that the importance of the museum and the museology studies was appreciated upon the proven consequence of the Osman Hamdi Bey’s efforts. The museum started to be attached importance for its collection artifacts beyond the political motives, and the history of humanity started to be studied through the artifacts to obtain knowledge about the history. Even though the significance represented was fairly appreciated by the state; the museology activities could not be performed to the desired extent due to the lack of ade quate budget and allowances. . Although the museum was established as a reflex to the smuggling of antiques outside the Ottoman territory, no substantial improvement had been achieved due to weakness of the laws, if not the implementations of the state in order to provide political gain due to long-lasting wars and economic difficulties. The protection regulations which were enacted in 1906, the successor of 1884 regulations of Osman Hamdi Bey, had remained the sole regulation of Turkey until 1973. Although the regulation were revised and updated as necessary, the prevention of smuggling is still the most important issue in the Minister’s agenda today. Currently, Turkey has been undergoing a regulatory transformation in numerous fields including the field of culture as a part of the process of harmonization with the EU norms. Therefore, the role of the government in cultural activities tends to be reduced progressively as the policies devoted to the provision of the cultural institutions with an autonomous structure are on the rise within the EU. In this context, the museums aim at being effective actors as the institutions operating in the culture sector characterized by the free market conditions. On the other hand, the museums also assume an important social mission; according to which, urbanization related social problems such as, increasing crime rate, alienation and isolation from society are associated with culture policy and aimed to be tackled through museums in order to attain positive social change. Thus, museums currently act as the very centers for the accomplishment of social transformation as they have historically b een doing since the 19th century. Throughout the harmonization process, the role and the significance of the state in the culture sector in Turkey has changed on the basis of the laws enacted as of 2004. According to the current legal framework; the state has assumed an encouraging role for the evaluation of the cultural properties to contribute to the national economy and rendering of culture accessible by all of the social segments. To this end, actions in cooperation with NGOs and the private sector has become a part of Turkey’s culture policies. Besides, social matters such as the strengthening of the social dialogue have been associated with the culture. Several practices on the matter have started to be exercised with IAM, and actions have started to be taken for the provision of IAM with a rather autonomous financial structure as the museum, now, aims at generating visitors through the pursuit of customer-oriented policies as its peers in the EU do. In this context, the museum aims at becoming a ‘soliciting, welcoming and entertaining’ museum. Focusing on museum services, IAM’s statement implies that its values are hospitality and confidence. According the emphasis given, IAM seems to position itself as an establishment of service, attaching the priority to hospitality, in order to generate visitors. IAM, sharing the same yard as Topkapi Palace, a museum visited by 2 million visitors a year, should indisputably be customer-oriented in order to gain share of visitors. However; IAM, which has one of the most precious field-specific collections in the world and has become even more important upon the addition of the Marmaray foundlings to its collection, cannot properly communicate its holding to its target audience. According to the museum’s development plan, the museum professionals call people to communicate the ‘museum’ in order to create an idea about the ‘place’, yet do not mention a word about the significance of its collections. The said discourse leads to the considerations that IAM specifically avoids of putting its collections up on the wall in order to attract local visitors, who do not consider the museum’s collection ‘as a part of their identity’ and still perceive archaeology as an elitist discipline. Today, as in the past, collections are perceived as an expression of identity and Turkish people consider the collection of Topkapi Palace as a part of their identity, while the collection of IAM remains distant to them. Undoubtedly, IAM is a significant actor in the field culture in Turkey not only for its extremely valuable collection but also for being the first museum of the Ottoman Empire and therefore, it aims at attracting local visitors by putting emphasis to its strong links to Ottoman history, a rather familiar concept for Turkish people. The discovery of the Marmaray foundlings, which have literally changed the history of Istanbul and drawn the attention of all archaeologists worldwide to the city, is a historical turning point for IAM. Nonetheless, given the fact that the most highlighted artifacts are considered as the most important ones; it would be safe to claim that the museum does not deem the Marmaray foundlings as most favorite items of its collection. Unlike its contemporary peers with similar collections in the EU, the museum does not seem to have rather socio-cultural concerns such as raising awareness for being a fellow local of Istanbul through the information of a greater mass of people on the history of the city by means of the collection and creating a platform for the discussion of the very issues of Istanbul. Despite the differences in the experience with the EU; in today’s conjuncture, the social policy issues stand at the heart of cultural policy and museums are the very places to actualize social change for the good of the society. Museums have been drawn into the center of the culture policies as a tool to form a participative community and raise the level of cohesiveness through their collections. It’s through community oriented policies that museums generate visitors and touch people’s lives. Therefore, even though IAM may manage to increase the number of its visitors through customer oriented policies, it still requires pursuing community oriented policies in order to get closer to the people. Research Papers on Initial and Current Museum Policies of Istanbul Archaeology MuseumBringing Democracy to AfricaHip-Hop is ArtAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2PETSTEL analysis of IndiaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoDefinition of Export Quotas

How to Get Into West Point 3 Key Tips

How to Get Into West Point 3 Key Tips SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Located in West Point, NY, West Point is also known as the United States Military Academy. West Point is one of the most prestigious universities in the country and is extremely competitive to get into. It also has an in-depth application process with some unique requirements that you won’t see at non-military colleges and universities. In this article, we’ll cover exactly how to get into West Point, from the test scores you should aim for to the logistical requirements of your application. How Hard Is It to Get Into West Point? In order to judge how competitive a school is, you need to look at its acceptance rate. West Point has a 10% acceptance rate. That means it’s very selective. When you’re applying to a highly selective school like West Point, you need to make sure your application is as perfect as possible so that you stand out from the crowd. The vast majority of West Point applicants will be highly qualified - you need to be even more so. Your SAT/ACT scores, grades, recommendations, essays and extracurricular activities are all super important parts of your West Point application. You need to have high marks across the board to be a competitive applicant. What Is West Point Looking For in Its Students? You can learn a lot about what a college or university is looking for in its students by looking at its mission. Let’s take a look at West Point’s mission: The United States Military Academy's mission is to educate, train and inspire the Corps of Cadets so that each graduate is a commissioned leader of character committed to the values of Duty, Honor, Country and prepared for a career of professional excellence and service to the nation as an officer in the United States Army. West Point has a unique mission among colleges and universities: it’s not only trying to educate students at the highest levels possible, it’s also preparing students to serve in the United States military after graduation. West Point graduates will go on to act as officers in the United States military; they’re required to serve for five years on active duty. Because West Point graduates will become soldiers, West Point looks for unique qualities among its applicants including: Academic Prowess: West Point trains officers in the US military who will go on to lead people in challenging situations. West Point wants the best and the brightest for its students. Physical Fitness: West Point requires applicants to pass a physical fitness test (more on that later). Students at West Point will have to take rigorous physical fitness classes, so it’s important they have a base level of fitness. Character: Being involved in the military requires a strong character and spirit of service. West Point looks for applicants that have demonstrated a selfless desire to help others. Can You Apply to West Point Early? West Point doesn’t have an early action or early decision deadline. Every applicant has to abide by the February 28 regular admission deadline. West Point Admissions Requirements and Deadlines All West Point applicants must meet the following personal qualifications before applying: Be at least 17 but not older than 22 on July 1 of the year they enter West Point Not be married Not be pregnant Not be legally responsible for support of any children Be in good physical and mental health Pass a medical exam (DODMERB) Above average strength, agility, and endurance A strong performance on the West Point Candidate Fitness Assessment (CFA) West Point provides a candidate questionnaire if you have any questions about your eligibility based on these requirements. In addition, all applicants must have a Social Security number at the time of their application. West Point also requires that applicants receive a nomination to attend. You can get either a congressional nomination or a service-connected nomination. There are only a few approved sources of congressional nominations: Your representative in Congress Your US senators The Vice President of the United States Delegates to the House of Representatives from Washington, D.C., the Mariana Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Virgin Islands The Governor of Puerto Rico The Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico The Secretary of the Army The following applicants have what are known as service-connected nominations, which means that the applicant has a connection to someone in the US military. Sons and Daughters of "career military personnel" (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, and Coast Guard) Members of Regular Army and Reserve Components (Army, Army Reserve, and Army National Guard) Sons and Daughters of Deceased or Disabled Armed Forces Veterans Sons and Daughters of Medal of Honor Recipients Army Junior and Senior ROTC Programs and Honor ROTC Units of Other Services There are specific requirements to being service-connected, so make sure you check them out on West Point’s website. West Point applicants are also required to submit the following: High school academic transcripts SAT or ACT scores SAT or ACT writing scores 4 letters of recommendation West Point application essay What GPA Do I Need to Get Into West Point? West Point is very competitive to get accepted to. West Point only accepts 10 students out of every 100 applicants, which means that you need to have a stellar application to be considered. One of the most important factors on your application is your GPA. While West Point doesn’t have a minimum GPA requirement, you can look at the average accepted GPA of West Point students to see what you need. The average GPA of admitted West Point applicants is 3.74. You’ll want to at least meet this GPA to apply. Your application will look even better if it’s higher than the average. That means you’ll need mainly A’s (you can have a few B’s peppered in) to achieve this GPA. Since West Point values the academic preparedness of its applicants, you can also demonstrate how serious you are as a student by taking AP, IB, honors, or other advanced classes. If your grades aren’t perfect, you can compensate with high standardized test scores. What Test Scores Do I Need to Get Into West Point? West Point applicants traditionally have competitive standardized test scores. Just as with GPA, you’ll ideally want to meet, if not exceed, the average standardized test scores of West Point’s admitted applicants. The average SAT composite score for West Point admitted applicants is 1340 (on the 1600 point scale). West Point does something known as â€Å"Highest Section† scoring. That means they consider your highest scores on each section. So, for instance, if you took the SAT in May 2018 and earned a 690 on Reading and a 740 on Math, then took it again in August and earned a 770 on Reading and a 700 on Math, West Point will take the highest score on each section (in this case, 770 and 740). That means it’s in your best interest to take the SAT at least twice before applying to West Point - you can’t hurt your score by going down the second time you take the test. The average ACT score for West Point admitted applicants is 28. West Point doesn’t indicate whether it also takes your highest score on each section for the ACT. You’re also required to take the writing section on both the SAT and ACT. West Point doesn’t require any SAT subject tests. How to Write Your West Point Application Essays West Point requires that you submit an essay as part of your statement. The essay topic changes yearly and you only get access to the prompt after confirming your eligibility via birthdate and Social Security number, so I can’t offer specific information on the prompt for this year. However, you’ll likely also have to write an essay as part of the nomination process so that your representative, senator, or the Vice President can get to know you. While there’s no specific formula for what you need to write to get nominated by your congressional representative, successful essays typically do the following: #1: Clearly Demonstrate Interest in West Point and the US military Deciding to go to West Point is a big choice - one that will affect the rest of your life, even beyond graduation. Your essay should indicate why you want to make a commitment to West Point and the military. You need to have clear, compelling reasons. #2: Highlight Your Qualifications for Going to West Point It's extremely competitive to get into West Point. Your representatives will be asked to write multiple letters, so the competition really starts with this letter. You need to show why you deserve their recommendation. Your representative won't have your full West Point application, so you'll need to highlight your academic and extracurricular qualifications to them. #3: Write Clearly and Double-Check for Errors It should go without saying, but your letters should be well-written and error-free. Ask someone to proofread your work and get (at least) a second opinion on the content. so you can be sure you're making a compelling case for why you need a letter of recommendation. 3 Tips for How to Get Into West Point Getting into West Point is difficult, but not impossible. Here are some tips for successfully being accepted at the US Military Academy. #1: Start the Process Early West Point has unique application requirements. Among them, a nomination from an important political representative. You need to build in time to reach out to these representatives and establish a relationship before submitting your application. You also have to pass a physical fitness test. That’s not even to say anything about the other application requirements, such as taking the SATs and writing your West Point essay. West Point recommends that students start their applications as early as possible - often, mid-way through their junior year. If you wait too long, you won’t be able to get all of the application pieces together in time. #2: Know the Application Requirements West Point has unique application requirements. If you’re missing any one of them, your application won’t even be considered. Make sure you familiarize yourself with these requirements before submitting. Otherwise, you’ll waste your time. #3: Demonstrate Why West Point Is Right For You West Point is not like most other colleges and universities. You need to prove that it’s the right opportunity for you, which means thinking about more than just the stellar education you’ll receive. You need to show that being a part of the military is something important to you, too, and that you’re committed to this career path. Recap: How to Get Into West Point West Point is one of the most competitive schools in the United States to get into. In order to be accepted, you need to have strong academics, high test scores, and stellar recommendations from many people, including your member of Congress or US senator. Start on your West Point application early, put effort into it, and you’ll be on the right track. What’s Next? Thinking about college? Read our guides to developing a target ACTorSAT score to get into your target colleges. Read our guides to learn more about AP tests, such as how long they areand how can you deal with exhaustion. Have you taken the ACT or SAT yet? Not sure which one you’ll do best on? Read our guide to choose the test that’s right for you. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Hayley Milliman About the Author Hayley Milliman is a former teacher turned writer who blogs about education, history, and technology. When she was a teacher, Hayley's students regularly scored in the 99th percentile thanks to her passion for making topics digestible and accessible. In addition to her work for PrepScholar, Hayley is the author of Museum Hack's Guide to History's Fiercest Females. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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